the rate of mutant substitution when the time of divergence is known. This is achieved by comparing the amino acid sequence in homologous proteins of related species. He suggested using pauling as the unit of such measurements, which he defined as the rate of substitution of 10^-9 per amino acid site per year.

Nucleotide substitution

Underlying the changes in the amino acid sequence of a given protein are changes in nucleotide sequence. Since this process occurs too slowly for direct observation, statistical methods

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