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academic literature has provided evidence that large portions of existing proven reserves of coal, oil, and natural gas must remain unextracted or stranded in order to limit the increase in global average temperature to below 1.5°C, or even 2°C. Welsby and coauthors in a 2021 study published in Nature found that nearly 60 percent of proven reserves of oil and natural gas and 90 percent of coal proven reserves must be left untouched to allow a 50 percent change to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5°C compared to the preindustrial

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