during a pulse is high enough to locally ionize the sensor surface.

Volume absorber

To protect the sensor from damages by short optical pulses, volume absorbers are used with absorption lengths in the order of millimetres. This enables volume absorbers to withstand higher pulse energy densities, since the optical power is absorbed over a considerable depth of material.

Sensor geometry

There are two main types of thermopile laser sensors which can be classified according to the geometric arrangement of the

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