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the mahdi. In Shi'ite works such as the al-Jafr, faithful Muslims were told that the brutal civil war was the great conflict between good and evil. The choice of the Umayyads to enter battle with white flags and the Abbasids to enter with black encouraged such theories. The color of white, however, was regarded in much of Persia as a sign of mourning.

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The Abbasid Caliphate was

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