ICRC has expressed the opinion that, "If civilians directly engage in hostilities, they are considered "unlawful" or "unprivileged" combatants or belligerents (the treaties of humanitarian law do not expressly contain these terms). They may be prosecuted under the domestic law of the detaining state for such action."

Under Article 50(1)-(3) of Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1977 (Additional Protocol I):

# A civilian

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