and safer locomotion and easier orientation. The climbing ability of the common vole is very poor.

Underground nests are dug 30-40 cm deep into the ground and are used for food storage, offspring raising, and as a place for rest and sleep. Nests can be shared and defended by up to five females with juveniles that are related in most cases. Females are territorial and an overlap of occupied areas does not occur. Hence, the number of colonies increases with individual number (i.e. population density).

As common voles have a polygynous

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