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<p>forces of colonization from a mainland stock and <a href="page.php?w=stochastic">stochastic</a> <a href="page.php?w=extinction">extinction</a>.  The concepts of <a href="page.php?w=island_biogeography">island biogeography</a> were generalized from physical islands to abstract patches of <a href="page.php?w=habitat_%28ecology%29">habitat</a> by Levins' <a href="page.php?w=metapopulation">metapopulation</a> model (which can be applied e.g. to forest islands in the agricultural landscape).  This generalization spurred the growth of landscape ecology</p><p>
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