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[[Marca Hispanica]] on the Muslim frontier (including Catalonia) are notable exceptions. The Spanish March was most important during the early stages of the peninsular [[Reconquista]] of Iberia: ambitious margraves based in the Pyrenees took advantage of the disarray in Muslim [[Al-Andalus]] to extend their territories southward, leading to the establishment of the Christian kingdoms that would become unified Spain in the fifteenth century. The Crusaders

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