drop of 1000 °C (1,800 °F) or more between its hot and cold faces. The shell temperature needs to be maintained below around 350 C to protect the steel from damage, and continuous infrared scanners are used to give early warning of "hot-spots" indicative of refractory failure.

Tyres and rollers

Tyres, sometimes called riding rings, usually consist of a single annular steel casting, machined to a smooth cylindrical surface, which attach loosely to the kiln shell through a variety

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