that exist above the clay.

Clays also undergo settlement when dewatered (groundwater pumping) because the effective stress on the clay increases.

Coarse-grained soils do not undergo consolidation settlement due to relatively high hydraulic conductivity compared to clays. Instead, coarse-grained soils undergo the immediate settlement.

History and terminology

The first modern theoretical models for soil consolidation were proposed in the 1920s by Terzaghi and Fillunger,

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