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incense trade, and acquired a general sense that "Arabs" were peoples living to the south of their own civilizations. As a result, since the Arabian Peninsula broadly fell to the south of Greco-Roman civilization, it in its entirety was misunderstood as "Arabia" over the course of time, even though South Arabians explicitly distinguished themselves from "Arabs" in their own inscriptions at the time. By late antiquity, the concept of Arabia as a unified peninsula inhabited by Arabs was thus largely

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