policy coordination for science and technology is conducted by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), which supports universities and national research institutes engaged in basic research. Japan's gross domestic expenditure on research and development (R&D) has remained among the highest globally as a share of GDP.

South Korea

In South Korea, basic research is funded primarily through government ministries and national research foundations. The National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF),

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