If absolute species turnover is divided by alpha diversity, a measure is obtained that quantifies how many times the species composition changes completely among the subunits of the dataset. This measure was proposed by Whittaker, so it has been called Whittaker's species turnover. It is calculated as

?_W = (? - ?)/? = ?/? - 1

When there are two subunits, and presence-absence data are used, this equals the one-complement of the Sørensen similarity index.

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