in 1897 based on a concept developed by American inventor Wellington Adams. Porsche also raced it in 1897.

Around 1900 the London General Omnibus Company (LGOC) used a similar approach to motorise a horse-drawn omnibus but using steam engines rather than electric motors. and views show a central boiler with flexible hoses to and from steam engines directly driving the steered front wheels. It was not put into service and was succeeded by