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asceticism) as a fourth jewel, emphasizing ascetic practices as the means to liberation (moksha). The four jewels are called Moksha Marga (the path of liberation).

The core of Jainism is also summarized in the three tenets of ' (nonviolence), ' (asceticism), and ' (a rejection of all simplistic and one-sided views of truth and reality).

Core principles (the vows)

Jainism teaches five ethical duties, which it calls five vows. These are called anuvratas (small vows) for Jain laypersons,

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