and Waarusha (in the lower parts of Mount Kilimanjaro), and the Pare on the Pare mountains. These have been intermingling, trading, and even fighting from time to time for various socio-political reasons. Later, other tribes also migrated to the area.

Addendum: Prior to the abolition of traditional Chagga states, several distinct chiefdoms existed in the Kilimanjaro area. For instance, the Mmari dynasty ruled over Siha in the 19th century, with the dynastic line ending around 1900 after German colonial