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the entire population, including refugees were killed; Tolui Khan is reported to have slaughtered 700,000 people. Though partly rebuilt after the Mongol destruction, the city never regained its former prosperity. Between 1788 and 1789, the city was razed for the last time, by Shah Murad of the Emirate of Bukhara, and its population deported. By the 1800s, under pressure from the Russians, the area surrounding Merv was completely

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