is being used to biologically control M. crenata and is very effective in pastures but much less so in woodlands; it was first employed on Fiji in 1930 (Simmonds, 1933). Controlling feral pig populations (Sus scrofa) has been widely suggested as an effective means to reduce the spread of M. crenata, as ground disturbance by these exotic mammals is strongly linked to the successful establishment of M. crenata, as well as a number of other invasive plants such as Morella faya.

Although sheep have been shown