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which is shallow overall, offers clear examples of differential directionality in depth. Even in a very shallow orthographic system, spelling-to-pronunciation and pronunciation-to-spelling may not be equally clear. There are two major imperfect matches of vowels to letters: in stressed syllables, e can represent either open or closed , and o stands for either open or closed . According to the orthographic principles used for the language, 'sect', for example, with open can be spelled only setta, and 'summit' with closed can be only

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