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(NWbN), and north by west (NbW)
* All of the points in the 16-wind compass rose plus the sixteen quarter-winds together form the 32-wind compass rose.
* If breaking down for study/signalling the subcomponents are called the "principal" followed by the "cardinal" wind/direction. As a mnemonic (memory device), minds familiar encode the meaning of "X by Y" as "one small measure from X towards Y". It can be noted such measure ('one point') is 11 1/4°. So, for example, "northeast by east" means "one quarter

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