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factors are equal (v_x = v_y = v_z). If all except one of the scale factors are equal to 1, we have directional scaling.

In the case where v_x = v_y = v_z = k, scaling increases the area of any surface by a factor of k² and the volume of any solid object by a factor of k³.

Scaling in arbitrary dimensions

In -dimensional space , uniform scaling by a factor is accomplished by scalar multiplication

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