and lay community based on Parshvanatha's teachings, notably adding celibacy as the fifth great vow.

The Hagiographical Tradition

The lives of the other 22 tirthankaras are considered to be part of a sacred, cosmological history operating within vast, non-historical timeframes. Texts such as the Kalpa Sutra detail their lives, which follow a formulaic pattern: birth into a royal family, a period of worldly life, renunciation of the world (diksha), a period

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