being free for negation in the various formalizations.

; CWA (closed-world assumption) : is a positive literal not entailed by ;

; GCWA (generalized CWA) : is a positive literal such that, for every positive clause such that , it holds ;

; EGCWA (extended GCWA): same as above, but is a conjunction of positive literals;

; CCWA (careful CWA): same as GCWA, but a positive clause is only considered if it is composed of positive literals of a given set and (both positive and negative) literals from another set;

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