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of Cardinals. The going rate for the creation of a crown-cardinal was about 2,832 scudi.

Pope Alexander VII had to elevate crown-cardinals in pectore. Pope Urban VI (1378-1389) forbade crown-cardinals from receiving gifts from their respective sovereigns.

World War I cemented the decline of the institution of the crown cardinal, as many monarchies either became extinct or declined in power.

Role in conclaves

In the case of Spain, France, and Austria,

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