an act performed by saying something. Austin, however, eventually abandoned the "in saying" / "by saying" test (1975, 123).

According to the conception adopted by Bach and Harnish in "Linguistic Communication and Speech Acts" (1979), an illocutionary act is an attempt to communicate, which they analyse as the expression of an attitude. Another conception of the illocutionary act goes back to Schiffer's book Meaning (1972, 103), in which the illocutionary act is represented as just the act of meaning something.

According to a widespread

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