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<p>for cases where there was a killing without provocation.</p>

<p><big>Early American law</big></p>
<p>Malice aforethought was the <a href="page.php?w=mens_rea">mens rea</a> element of murder in the 19th-century <a href="page.php?w=United_States">United States</a>, and remains as a relic in those states with a separate first-degree murder charge.</p>

<p>As of 1891, <a href="page.php?w=Texas">Texas</a> courts were overwhelmed with discussing whether "malice" needs to be expressed or implied in the judge's <a href="page.php?w=jury_instructions">jury instructions</a>.</p><p>
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