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In Twelver Shi'ism, ' means change in a divine decree in response to new circumstances. A textbook example of in Twelver sources is the death of Isma'il, the eldest son of the Shia imam Ja'far al-Sadiq . Isma'il was probably the expected or even the designated successor but he predeceased his father, who is said to have used the occasion to teach his

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