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<p><b>Substance theory</b>, or <b>substance-attribute theory</b>, is an <a href="page.php?w=ontology">ontological</a> theory positing that <a href="page.php?w=Object_%28philosophy%29">objects</a> are constituted each by a substance and <a href="page.php?w=property_%28philosophy%29">properties</a> borne by the substance but distinct from it. In this role, a substance can be referred to as a substratum or a <a href="page.php?w=thing-in-itself">thing-in-itself</a>. Substances are <a href="page.php?w=particulars">particulars</a> that are <a href="page.php?w=Ontology">ontologically independent</a>:</p><p>
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