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The turtle shell is a shield for turtles (order Testudines), completely enclosing all the turtle's vital organs and in some cases even the head. It comprises an upper part, the carapace, and lower part, the plastron, connected by a bony bridge. It is constructed of modified bony elements such as the ribs, parts of the pelvis, and other bones found in most reptiles. The bone of the shell consists of both skeletal and dermal bone,

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